Ethanol, the chemical compound present in most alcoholic drinks, is a neurotoxin, that is, a sub­stance that can damage or destroy the nervous system. Someone who is drunk is, in fact, suffering from a form of poisoning.

In large quantities, ethanol caus­es coma and death. For instance, among students in Japan, the prac­tice of ‘ikkinomi, or alcohol chug­ging, causes deaths every year.

The body is able to convert eth­anol into harmless substances, but this is not accomplished immediate­ly. If alcohol is consumed at a faster rate than the body can handle, ethanol builds up in the system and begins to interfere noticeably with brain function. In what way?

Speech, vision, coordination, thought, and behaviour are all connected with an incredibly com­plex series of chemical reactions in the brains neurons, or key cells. The presence of ethanol modifies those reactions, suppressing or enhancing the role of certain neutrontransmit­ters chemicals that relay signals from neuron to neuron.

The stream of information in the brain is thus altered, preventing the brain from functioning normally. That is why when a person drinks too much, he or she develops slurred speech, blurred vision, sluggish movement, and weakened be­havioural restraints and inhibitions, all common symptoms of intoxica­tion.

EXPOSURE

With prolonged exposure to alcohol, brain chemistry adapts to counter the poisonous effect of eth­anol and to maintain normal nerve function. This leads to tolerance, whereby the same amount of alcohol has less of an effect than it would have had previously.

Dependence occurs when the brain has adapted so much to the presence of alcohol that it cannot operate properly without it. The body craves alcohol to maintain the chemical balance.

When a person is deprived of alcohol, his brain chemistry is totally destabilised and withdrawal symp­toms, such as anxiety, trembling, or even seizures, set in.

Besides causing modifications of brain chemistry, alcohol abuse can lead to cell atrophy and destruction, altering the brain’s very structure. While partial recovery is possible with abstinence, some of this damage seems to be irreversible.

Neurons that die are apparently never replaced, further affecting memory and other cognitive func­tions.

Damage to the brain is not just the result of long term exposure to alcohol.

Research seems to indicate that even relatively short periods of alco­hol abuse can be harmful.

LIVER DISEASE

AND CANCER

The liver plays a vital role in me­tabolising food, combating infection, regulating blood flow and removing toxic substances, including alcohol, from the body.

Prolonged exposure to alcohol damages the liver in three stages. During the first state, the breaking down of ethanol slows the digestion of fats, causing them to build up in the liver.

This is called steatohepatitis, or fatty liver. In time, chronic inflam­mation of the liver, or hepatitis, sets in. While alcohol can cause hepatitis directly, it also appears to lower the body’s resistance to Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses.

If unchecked, inflammation causes cells to burst and die. Compounding this damage, alcohol seems to trigger the natural system of programmed cells death called apoptosis.

This final stage is cirrhosis. The vicious cycle of continuous inflamma­tion and cell destruction causes irre­versible scarring. Eventually, the liver becomes humpy, instead of remaining spongy.

Finally, scar tissue prevents blood from flowing normally, leading to liver failure and death.

Alcohol’s effect on the liver has another insidious side effect -the liver is less capable of playing its defensive role in counteracting the effect of cancer-forming agents.

In addition to favouring the devel­opment of cancer of the liver, alcohol greatly increases the risk of cancer of the mouth, the pharynx, the larynx, and the oesophagus.

What is more, alcohol makes the mucous membranes in the mouth more easily penetrated by cancerous substances in tobacco, elevating the risk for smokers.

Women who drink daily are at greater risk of breast cancer. Accord­ing to one study, the risk for those who drank three or more alcoholic beverages per day was 69 per cent higher than that of nondrinkers.

POISONED BABIES

A particularly tragic outcome of alcohol abuse is its effect on the unborn. “Alcohol is far worse for the developing fetus than any other abused drug,” reported by the ‘Inter­national Herald Tribune.’

When a pregnant woman drinks, her developing chin also drinks and the toxic effect of alcohol is espe­cial, devastating at this format stage of the fetus.

Alcohol causes irreversible damage to its central nervous system. Neurons do not form properly. Cells are killed off. Other cells end up located in the wrong place.

The result, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), is the foremost cause of mental retardation in newborns. Difficulties encountered by FAS children include intellectual impairment, language problems, developmental delay, be­havioural dysfunction or deficit, slow growth, hyper activity, and hearing and sight disorders. Many babies are also born with characteristic facial deformities.-Credit: AWAKE

This article was first published on Saturday, November 5, 2005

In Ghana, the Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), prohibits the possession, use, trade, or cultivation of narcotic drugs without lawful authorisation.

The law now adopts a more public health-based model, emphasising rehabilitation and education while still maintain­ing punitive measures against trafficking and illegal posses­sion.

This opens doors for religious and social actors to play key roles in prevention and heal­ing.

How the Youth and General Society Are Typically Lured into Illicit Drugs;

One of the primary gateways to drug use is peer pressure. Many young people are intro­duced to drugs by friends who make substance use appear fashionable or as a coping mechanism for stress, bore­dom, or emotional trauma.

In urban slums and some schools, peer groups become influential in shaping be­haviour, particularly when parental supervision is weak or societal structures have collapsed.

Another contributor is media influence—with movies, music, and social media sometimes glamorising substance use. Un­employment, poverty, broken homes, academic stress, and lack of religious education also contribute significantly.

Shaykh Abd al-Rahman al-Sa‘di explains that when faith weakens, individuals seek escape in destructive behaviours. Hence, strength­ening iman (faith) is a critical defence against temptation.

Rescuing Victims: Rehabili­tation and Social Support

Those who fall into drug addiction must not be con­demned but rather supported with compassion and care. Islam emphasises mercy and hope:

“Say, O My servants who have transgressed against themselves [by sinning], do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins.” (Qur’an 39:53).

Rehabilitation centres, faith-based recovery programmes, community counselling, and mosque-based interventions are all vital tools.

Imams and scholars should be equipped with basic knowl­edge in addiction counselling. Collaboration with the Nar­cotics Control Commission and health institution can create models where religious guid­ance and medical treatment go hand-in-hand.

Impact of Illicit Drugs on Society

Illicit drug use damages physical health, corrupts moral values, and leads to crime and unemployment. It depletes a nation’s human capital, as youths and adults become dependent, mentally unstable, and economically unproductive. It also leads to violence, theft, and domestic abuse.

The Qur’an declares: “And do not throw yourselves into destruction with your own hands.” Qur’an 2:195)

Impact of Illicit Drugs in Schools

In Ghana, the increasing prevalence of drug abuse in schools has led to absentee­ism, violent behaviour, ac­ademic failure, and mental health issues.

Some school dropouts have become part of gang culture, especially in urban areas, threatening future nation­al development. These environments must be purified and protected with strong policy, parental involvement, and faith-based education.

UNICEF, Ghana Health Ser­vice, and Other Reports

UNICEF (2019) highlight­ed the correlation between substance abuse and early childhood trauma, noting that youth exposed to abuse, neglect, or poverty are more susceptible to drug use.

The Ghana Health Service’s 2022 report showed a 17 per cent rise in mental health cas­es linked to drug abuse, with youth between 15–35 years most affected.

Narcotics Control Commis­sion Statistics

According to the 2022 Annual Report of the Narcotics Con­trol Commission, over 8,000 arrests were made for drug offenses.

Cannabis remains the most abused drug, with growing concerns about synthetic drugs and pharmaceutical abuse, especially tramadol and cough syrups with codeine.

Islamic Law and Maqasid

al-Shari‘ah

The five universal objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari‘ah)—preserving religion (deen), life (nafs), intellect (‘aql), lineage (nasl), and wealth (maal)—are all endan­gered by drug abuse.

Any initiative that protects these objectives is not just legally encouraged but reli­giously mandated.

Imam Al-Shatibi, in al-Mu­wafaqat, asserts that laws are designed not for hardship but to preserve human dignity and collective wellbeing.

Therefore, illicit drugs threaten the very fabric of what Shari’ah seeks to pro­tect:

1. Preservation of Religion (Hifz ad-Deen) – Drug use weakens a person’s sense of religious duty. Addicts often neglect prayer, fasting, and remembrance of Allah, falling into sin and heedlessness.

2. Preservation of Life (Hifz an-Nafs) – Drugs increase the risk of premature death through overdose, suicide, or violence. Islam strictly forbids self-harm: “And do not kill yourselves.

Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful” (Qur’an 4:29).

3. Preservation of Intellect (Hifz al-‘A9ql) – One of the clearest reasons intoxicants are forbidden. The mind is the seat of moral judgment. Losing one’s intellect means losing the capacity for faith and responsibility.

4. Preservation of Lineage (Hifz an-Nasl) – Drug addiction often leads to moral decay, fornication, and broken fam­ilies, harming future genera­tions.

5. Preservation of Wealth (Hifz al-Maal) – Addicts squan­der wealth on drugs, harming families and communities. Islam commands us to be cus­todians of our resources.

These objectives guide the Islamic legal position that drug abuse is not just a sin, but a social threat that must be collectively confronted.

By Imam Saeed Abdulai

 Carcinoma is a type of cancer that orig­inates in epithelial cells, which are the cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

It is the most common type of cancer, accounting for ap­proximately 90 per cent of all cancer cases. Carcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breast, colon, and prostate.

Types of Carcinoma

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, each with distinct characteristics and prognoses. Some of the most common types of carcinoma include:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma origi­nates in the squamous cells, which are the flat, thin cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

2 : This type of carcinoma originates in the glandular cells, which are the cells that form the lining of glands and organs.

3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the basal cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the skin and other organs.

4. Transitional cell carcino­ma: This type of carcinoma originates in the transitional cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

Causes and risk factors

The exact causes of carcino­ma are not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These in­clude:

1. Genetic mutations: Carcinoma can be caused by genetic mutations, which can be inherited or acquired.

2. Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing carcinoma.

3. Age: The risk of develop­ing carcinoma increases with age.

4. Family history: A fami­ly history of carcinoma can increase an individual’s risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The symptoms of carcinoma can vary depending on the location and type of cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Unexplained weight loss

2. Fatigue

3. Pain

4. Changes in bowel or blad­der habits

5. Unusual bleeding or dis­charge

Carcinoma is typically diag­nosed using a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, and biopsy, which involves remov­ing a sample of tissue for ex­amination under a microscope.

Treatment Options

The treatment options for carcinoma depend on the type, location, and stage of the cancer. Common treat­ment options include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often used to remove the cancerous tumor and surrounding tissue.

2. Chemotherapy: Chemo­therapy involves using medica­tions to kill cancer cells.

3. Radiation therapy: Radi­ation therapy involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

4. Targeted therapy: Target­ed therapy involves using med­ications that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression.

Prevention and early de­tection

Preventing carcinoma in­volves avoiding known risk fac­tors, such as tobacco smoke and environmental carcino­gens, and getting regular can­cer screenings. Early detection of carcinoma can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

Carcinoma is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, treat­ment, and prevention. By understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treat­ment options for carcinoma, individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of developing the disease and improve their chances of successful treat­ment.

References:

1. “Carcinoma” by the American Cancer Society

2. “Carcinoma: A Review of the Literature” by the National Cancer Institute

3. “Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention” by the World Health Organi­zation